Sanskrit Scriptures And Literature: Astadhyayi

Friday, March 6, 2009

Astadhyayi

To understand Vedas one need to understand Vedic Sanskrit which is different and tough from the normal Sanskrit. We cannot understand Vedic Sanskrit without learning the grammer rules made by Maharishi Panini. Ashtadhyayi is the List of those gramatical formulas.Every one who wants to learn sanskrit he should memorize all these sutras.

Astadhyayi

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[edit] Vowels

See also: R-colored vowel#Vocalic R in Sanskrit

The vowels of Classical Sanskrit with their word-initial Devanagari symbol, diacritical mark with the consonant प् (/p/), pronunciation (of the vowel alone and of /p/+vowel) in IPA, equivalent in IAST and ITRANS and (approximate) equivalents in English are listed below:

Letter	प्	Pronunciation	Pronunciation with /p/	IAST equiv.	ITRANS equiv.	English equivalent (GA unless stated otherwise)
अ	प	/ɐ/ or /ə/	/pɐ/ or /pə/	a	a	short near-open central vowel or schwa: u in bunny or a in about
आ	पा	/aː/	/paː/	ā	A	long open back unrounded vowel: a in father (RP
इ	पि	/i/	/pi/	i	i	short close front unrounded vowel: e in england
ई	पी	/iː/	/piː/	ī	I	long close front unrounded vowel: ee in feet
उ	पु	/u/	/pu/	u	u	short close back rounded vowel: oo in foot
ऊ	पू	/uː/	/puː/	ū	U	long close back rounded vowel: oo in cool
ऋ	पृ	/ɻ/	/pɻ/	ṛ	R	short retroflex approximant: r in burl
ॠ	पॄ	/ɻː/	/pɻː/	ṝ	RR	long retroflex approximant r in burl
ऌ	पॢ	/ɭ/	/pɭ/	ḷ	LR	short retroflex lateral approximant (no English equivalent)
ॡ	पॣ	/ɭː/	/pɭː/	ḹ	LRR	long retroflex lateral approximant
ए	पे	/eː/	/peː/	e	e	long close-mid front unrounded vowel: a in bane (some speakers)
ऐ	पै	/əi/	/pəi/	ai	ai	a long diphthong: i in ice, i in kite (Canadian English)
ओ	पो	/oː/	/poː/	o	o	long close-mid back rounded vowel: o in bone (some speakers)
औ	पौ	/əu/	/pəu/	au	au	a long diphthong: Similar to the ou in house (Canadian English)

The long vowels are pronounced twice as long as their short counterparts. Also, there exists a third, extra-long length for most vowels, called pluti, which is used in various cases, but particularly in the vocative. The pluti is not accepted by all grammarians.

The vowels /e/ and /o/ continue as allophonic variants of Proto-Indo-Iranian /ai/, /au/ and are categorized as diphthongs by Sanskrit grammarians even though they are realized phonetically as simple long vowels. (See above).

Additional points:

There are some additional signs traditionally listed in tables of the Devanagari script:
- The diacritic ं called anusvāra, (IAST: ṃ). It is used both to indicate the nasalization of the vowel in the syllable ([◌̃] and to represent the sound of a syllabic /n/ or /m/; e.g. पं /pəŋ/.
- The diacritic ः called visarga, represents /əh/ (IAST: ḥ); e.g. पः /pəh/.
- The diacritic ँ called chandrabindu, not traditionally included in Devanagari charts for Sanskrit, is used interchangeably with the anusvāra to indicate nasalization of the vowel, primarily in Vedic notation; e.g. पँ /pə̃/.
If a lone consonant needs to be written without any following vowel, it is given a halanta/virāma diacritic below (प्).
The vowel /aː/ in Sanskrit is realized as being more central and less back than the closest English approximation, which is /ɑː/. But the grammarians have classified it as a back vowel.^[17].
The ancient Sanskrit grammarians classified the vowel system as velars, retroflexes, palatals and plosives rather than as back, central and front vowels. Hence ए and ओ are classified respectively as palato-velar (a+i) and labio-velar (a+u) vowels respectively. But the grammarians have classified them as diphthongs and in prosody, each is given two mātrās. This does not necessarily mean that they are proper diphthongs, but neither excludes the possibility that they could have been proper diphthongs at a very ancient stage (see above). These vowels are pronounced as long /eː/ and /oː/ respectively by learned Sanskrit Brahmans and priests of today. Other than the "four" diphthongs, Sanskrit usually disallows any other diphthong—vowels in succession, where they occur, are converted to semivowels according to sandhi rules.
In the Devanagari script used for Sanskrit, whenever a consonant in a word-ending position is without any virāma (freely standing in the orthography: प as opposed to प्), the neutral vowel schwa (/ə/) is automatically associated with it—this is of course true for the consonant to be in any position in the word. Word-ending schwa is always short. But the IAST a appended to the end of masculine noun words rather confuses the foreigners to pronounce it as /ɑː/—this makes the masculine Sanskrit words sound like feminine! e.g., shiva must be pronounced as /ɕivə/ and not as /ɕivɑː/.^[18] argues that in Vedic Sanskrit, अ indicated short /ɑ/, and became centralized and raised in the era of the Prakrits.

[edit] Consonants

IAST and Devanagari notations are given, with approximate IPA values in square brackets.

		Labial Ōshtya		Labiodental Dantōshtya	Dental Dantya		Retroflex Mūrdhanya		Palatal Tālavya		Velar Kanthya		Glottal
Stop Sparśa	Unaspirated Alpaprāna	p प [p]	b ब [b]		t त [t̪]	d द [d̪]	ṭ ट [ʈ]	ḍ ड [ɖ]	c च [c͡ç]	j ज [ɟ͡ʝ]	k क [k]	g ग [g]
Stop Sparśa	Aspirated Mahāprāna	ph फ [pʰ]	bh भ [bʱ]		th थ [t̪ʰ]	dh ध [d̪ʱ]	ṭh ठ [ʈʰ]	ḍh ढ [ɖʱ]	ch छ [c͡çʰ]	jh झ [ɟ͡ʝʱ]	kh ख [kʰ]	gh घ [gʱ]
Nasal Anunāsika		m म [m]			n न [n̪]		ṇ ण [ɳ]		ñ ञ [ɲ]		ṅ ङ [ŋ]
Semivowel Antastha				v व [ʋ]					y य [j]
Liquid Drava					l ल [l]		r र [r]
Fricative Ūshman					s स [s̪]		ṣ ष [ʂ]		ś श [ɕ]				ḥ ः [h]	h ह [ɦ]

The table below shows the traditional listing of the Sanskrit consonants with the (nearest) equivalents in English (as pronounced in General American and Received Pronunciation) and Spanish. Each consonant shown below is deemed to be followed by the neutral vowel schwa (/ə/), and is named in the table as such.

Plosives – Sprshta
	Unaspirated Voiceless Alpaprāna Śvāsa	Aspirated Voiceless Mahāprāna Śvāsa	Unaspirated Voiced Alpaprāna Nāda	Aspirated Voiced Mahāprāna Nāda	Nasal Anunāsika Nāda
Velar Kantya	क /kə/; English: skip	ख /kʰə/; English: cat	ग /gə/; English: game	घ /gʱə/; somewhat similar to English: doghouse	ङ /ŋə/; English: ring
Palatal Tālavya	च /cə/; English: exchange	छ /cʰə/; English: church	ज /ɟə/; ≈English: jam	झ /ɟʱə/; somewhat similar to English: hedgehog	ञ /ɲə/; English: bench
Retroflex Mūrdhanya	ट /ʈə/; No English equivalent	ठ /ʈʰə/; No English equivalent	ड /ɖə/; No English equivalent	ढ /ɖʱə/; No English equivalent	ण /ɳə/; No English equivalent
Apico-Dental Dantya	त /t̪ə/; Spanish: tomate	थ /t̪ʰə/; Aspirated /t̪/	द /d̪ə/; Spanish: donde	ध /d̪ʱə/; Aspirated /d̪/	न /n̪ə/; English: name
Labial Ōshtya	प /pə/; English: spin	फ /pʰə/; English: pit	ब /bə/; English: bone	भ /bʱə/; somewhat similar to English: clubhouse	म /mə/; English: mine

Non-Plosives/Sonorants
	Palatal Tālavya	Retroflex Mūrdhanya	Dental Dantya	Labial/ Glottal Ōshtya
Approximant Antastha	य /jə/; English: you	र /rə/; English: trip (Scottish English)	ल /l̪ə/; English: love	व (labio-dental) /ʋə/; English: vase
Sibilant/ Fricative Ūshman	श /ɕə/; English: ship	ष /ʂə/; Retroflex form of /ʃ/	स /s̪ə/; English: same	ह (glottal) /ɦə/; English behind

Sanskrit Scriptures And Literature

Friday, March 6, 2009

Astadhyayi

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[edit] Vowels

[edit] Consonants